Analysis and Evaluation of the Effect of Heavy Metals in Fruits and Vegetables

Heavy metal contamination of fruits and vegetables cannot be undervalued as they are vital components of human diet. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and fibers, and also have beneficial anti oxidative effects. However, intake of heavy metal-contaminated fruits and vegetables is a threat to human health. In this research work, the analysis and evaluation of the effect of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables were investigated. The apparatus equipment used in this research work include atomic absorption spectrometer AAS Model Perkins Elmer A analyst 100 , weighing balance, blending machine, plungers syring, beaker 100 ml , funnel, white man filter paper, distilled water, wash bottle, cotton wool, squeezer, volumetric flask and pipette 10 ml . 

Fruits and vegetables samples were collected from local market in Nigeria. The selected fruits and vegetables used in this present work include orange fruit, pineapple fruit, water leaf, and pumpkin leaf. The analysis is basically connected with the analytical determination of the heavy metals i.e., lead, zinc, iron, nickel, copper and cadmium concentration present in fruits and vegetables. The analyses of the aforementioned heavy metals were conducted with an Atomic Absorption spectrometer AAS with model Perkins Elmer AA100. The results obtained reveal that Iron has the highest value of concentration followed by Zinc in all samples analyzed. However, the concentration of metals present in the selected fruits and vegetables were below the maximum permissible limit of 0.30mg l which is WHO FAO standard except for Iron Fe . Thus, the fruits and vegetables can be consumed. 

By Hassan Abdullahi "Analysis and Evaluation of the Effect of Heavy Metals in Fruits and Vegetables" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20298.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/20298/analysis-and-evaluation-of-the-effect-of--heavy-metals-in-fruits-and-vegetables/hassan-abdullahi

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CFD Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by using Fluid Based Nanomaterials

Double pipe heat exchanger design is a device which we using for heat transfer applications straightforward. This maintains one heat exchanger pipe inside another. After determining the required heat exchanger surface area, for either counter flow or parallel flow, the pipe sizes and number of bends for the double pipe heat exchanger can be selected. In double pipe heat exchanger design, an important factor is the type of flow pattern in the heat exchanger. A double pipe heat exchanger will typically be either counterblow or parallel flow. 

Cross flow just doesnt work for a double pipe heat exchanger. The flow pattern and the required heat exchange duty allow calculation of the log mean temperature difference. That together with an estimated overall heat transfer coefficient allows calculation of the required heat transfer surface area. Then pipe sizes, pipe lengths and number of bends can be determined. The convective heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness of different volume concentrations of Fe3O4 Nano fluid flow in an inner tube of double pipe heat exchanger with return bend has been estimated experimentally and turbulent flow conditions. The test section used in this study is of double pipe type in which the inner tube diameter is 0.019 m, the annulus tube diameter is 0.05m and the total length of inner tube is 5 m. 

At a distance of 2.2mfromthe inlet of the inner tube the return bend is provided. The hot Nanofluids flows through an inner tube, whereas the cold water flows through an annulus tube. The volume concentrations of the nanoparticles used in this study are 0.03 and 8 lpm ,10 lpm mass flow rate with Reynolds number range from 9,000 to 30,000.in the process analyze the CFD analysis is performed in Ansys Fluent 15.0 workbench and its used different nanofluids used, which nanofluids better heat transfer rate find base on the results.In this process choose different nanofluids Al2o3, Cuo ,Fe3o4 this nanofluids properties taken by different base papers. 

By Golkonda Venkata Apparao | K. Srinivasa Rao "CFD Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by using Fluid Based Nanomaterials"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20306.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/20306/cfd-analysis-of-a-double-pipe-heat-exchanger-by-using-fluid-based-nanomaterials/golkonda-venkata-apparao

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Analysis of Thermal Criteria on Cryogenic Pressure Vessel

After a cryogenic liquid has been liquefied and purified to the desired level it should then be put away and transported. Cryogenic fluid storage-vessel and transfer line design has progressed rapidly as a result of the growing use of cryogenic liquids in many areas of engineering and science. The development of the Dewar vessel represented such an improvement in cryogenic fluid storage vessels that it could be classed as "break-through" in container design. Cryogenic Pressure vessels are weight vessels are utilized for capacity cryogenic fluids with least warmth in-spill into the vessel from the outside beyond what many would consider possible. 

The test of configuration is to utilize such materials that dont lose their alluring properties at such a low temperature. Here the most extreme care is taken to plan a capacity vessel fulfilling both mechanical and Thermal Properties. The outcomes will be contrasted with the current vessel of industry. Glass epoxy can be utilized which will decrease warm exchange from conduction of Surge plates which are bolster from external vessel to inward vessel. The glass epoxy significantly with stands the temperature. They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, re compression chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors, etc. 

By Chintu Jagadeesh | K. Srinivasa Rao "Analysis of Thermal Criteria on Cryogenic Pressure Vessel"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20307.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/20307/analysis-of-thermal-criteria-on-cryogenic-pressure-vessel/chintu-jagadeesh

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Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission System

Submodule overcurrent caused by DC pole-to-pole fault in modular multilevel converter HVDC MMC-HVDC system is one of the important research objects about its electrical characteristics. In this paper, the fault mechanism before and after the converter blocked was analyzed respectively and the circuit model for the analysis of submodule overcurrent was explored. The analytic equation for overcurrent calculation was deduced and a detailed analysis was also performed. The changes of submodule overcurrent stress with different circuit parameters were obtained and the key issues were also summed up. 

The results indicate that the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the discharging current before the converter blocked, and the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the valve reactor freewheeling current after the converter blocked. From the computation and simulation results, it is concluded that the analytical method is feasible and its calculation results are comparatively precise. 

By Mohd Liaqat "Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission System"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20319.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20319/modelling-and-operation-of-hvdc-based-power-transmission-system/mohd-liaqat

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HVDC System a Need for Future Power Transmission

The continuously increasing demand for electric power and the economic access to remote renewable energy sources such as off-shore wind power or solar thermal generation in deserts have revived the interest in high-voltage direct current HVDC multiterminal systems networks . A lot of work was done in this area, especially in the 1980s, but only two three-terminal systems were realized. Since then, HVDC technology has advanced considerably and, despite numerous technical challenges, the realization of large-scale HVDC networks is now seriously discussed and considered. For the acceptance and reliability of these networks, the availability of HVDC circuit breakers CBs will be critical, making them one of the key enabling technologies. 

Numerous ideas for HVDC breaker schemes have been published and patented, but no acceptable solution has been found to interrupt HVDC short-circuit currents. This paper aims to summarize the literature, especially that of the last two decades, on technology areas that are relevant to HVDC breakers. By comparing the mainly 20 years old, state-of-the art HVDC CBs to the new HVDC technology, existing discrepancies become evident. Areas where additional research and development are needed are identified and proposed. for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. 

By Mohd Liaqat "HVDC System: a Need for Future Power Transmission"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20318.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20318/hvdc-system-a-need-for-future-power-transmission/mohd-liaqat

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Operation and Control of Grid-Connected Fuel Cell System

This paper describes a dynamic model of a SOFC fuel cell, which can be used in transient stability studies. The model is applied to a distributed utility grid that uses a fuel cell and a gas turbine as distributed generators DGs . Transient stability of the system is investigated for different DGs power outputs using a software developed based on the commercial Power System Tool Box and SIMULINK in MATLAB. A method for interfacing the fuel cell to the grid is presented. Transient stability is enhanced through a control design of the firing angle of the fuel cell inverter for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. 

By Rameez Hassan Pala "Operation and Control of Grid-Connected Fuel Cell System"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20317.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20317/operation-and-control-of-grid-connected-fuel-cell-system/rameez-hassan-pala

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Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Review

Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. 

In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala

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