Design of Transformer less Single Phase Inverter

Solar energy is the top of all renewable energy systems because of its pollution free, adaptable, long life, low maintenance cost and favoured options for sustainable development. Thus, this is used as the source of input for this model. The PV cell converts the solar energy into electrical energy. This energy is in DC form. This DC voltage is raised to the desired level with the help of boost converter dc dc converter .The boost converter is driven with the help of MOSFET. The boosted DC voltage is fed to the PWM inverter which converts the dc input into ac output. And finally, the output is given to the load. The proposed inverter system converts DC power into single phase AC power efficiently without using transformers and batteries. In this, the simulation results of a transformer less single phase inverter which uses a photovoltaic array as the input are shown. An inverter with DC link is designed for conversion of DC input into AC supply. The simulation is carried out with the help of MATLAB simulation software. The harmonic distortion is found to be 2.73 in the FFT analysis. 

by Stebana Rose Mary. G | Swathy. V | Nisha. K | Anandhi. M "Design of Transformer less Single-Phase Inverter" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47549.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47549/design-of-transformer-less-singlephase-inverter/stebana-rose-mary-g

callforpapersocialscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforsocialscience, socialsciencejournal

Separate Conductors for AC and DC Supply

AC and DC supplies are ruling in this present electricity world. Involvement of both AC and DC supply can be seen from small circuits to big giant machineries. But is there conductor separation needed for both distinguish supply forms Are we wasting time, money and materials by using same conductors for both dissimilar supplies In my opinion, it is the right time to take decision to separate conductors for both rulers.

by Darnesh "Separate Conductors for AC and DC Supply" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47567.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47567/separate-conductors-for-ac-and-dc-supply/darnesh

callforpaperinternationaljournal, ugclistofjournals, bestinternationaljournal 

Analysis of Power Quality Issues and Implementation of UPQC Topologies to Enhance Power System Stability

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil, traditional electricity generation has a difficult task for utilities. A cheaper and more efficient method of doing this is required. A different source is required to fulfill the consumers power requirements. The alternate source should be sustainable and capable of meeting the consumers requirements. The integration of renewable energy into the grid is a useful way to fulfill demand. Renewable energy integration confronts three major problems frequency variation, power quality concerns, and power system instability. The following problems were of critical importance. An analytic hierarchy approach based expert system is utilized to identify and categorize power quality incidents. Before, it could sense things like sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interrupts, and flickers. An error free event classification system has been suggested. Simplified procedure allows for improved detection and categorization of power quality incidents. an investigation of power quality incidents and their mitigation using unified power quality conditioners UPQC An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is used to minimize various power quality issues. Integrating renewable energy sources efficiently minimizes the environmental impact. The suggested method provides a solution to voltage unbalances and lowers overall harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling PCC . The addition of an ANFIS controlled DVR is used to reduce voltage irregularities caused by integrating renewable energy sources and faults in the transmission line. An artificial fault was added to power quality events with the goal of making use of renewable energy. To minimize the adverse effects of power quality incidents, the ANFIS controlled DVR proposal is in place. ANFIS controlled DVR is contrasted to a traditional technique of surveillance. Distributed static compensator D STATCOM is used to prevent voltage flickers, and total harmonic distortion, caused by nonlinear loads. D STATCOM is suggested to use three control methods Instantaneous power theory, Synchronous vector PI Control, and Harmonic elimination. Under extreme load circumstances, the D efficacy STATCOMs is evaluated. The suggested expert system and the bespoke power devices will be analyzed and discussed using various control techniques. 

by Pradnya Babasaheb Dhanwate | Dr. Ashok Kumar Jhala "Analysis of Power Quality Issues and Implementation of UPQC Topologies to Enhance Power System Stability"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47554.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47554/analysis-of-power-quality-issues-and-implementation-of-upqc-topologies-to-enhance-power-system-stability/pradnya-babasaheb-dhanwate

internationaljournalofmanagement, callforpapermanagement, managementjournal 

A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Schemes in Wind Energy Systems

In the field of renewable energy, conversion of wind energy has become a point of major interest to the researcher. Converters are no more a small part of the wind energy system WES due to the development of generators in the WES and advancement in applications of power electronics in the WES. This paper presents a review of different topologies of converts used in the extraction of energy from wind using various generators and their combination with different converter topologies. Control scheme complexity, cost, the power consumed, and efficiency are the points considered for the comparison of converters-generator combination schemes. 

by Tanuj Jhankal "A Review on Various Topologies of Generators, Power Converters and Control Schemes in Wind Energy Systems" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47510.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47510/a-review-on-various-topologies-of-generators-power-converters-and-control-schemes-in-wind-energy-systems/tanuj-jhankal

internationaljournalofscience, openaccessjournalofscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforscience 

To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN Back Propagation Algorithm

This project illustrates the execution of a three stage delivery static compensator DSTATCOM by using a back propagation BP control algorithm for its capacities, such as load balancing and zero voltage management of reactive power compensation under non linear loads. We use BP based control algorithm to obtain the critical dynamic weight estimate here. And the BP based control algorithm is often used for estimating the receptive power portions of the load streams necessary for estimating the reference source streams. Regulation of power efficiency devices through neural networks is the new area of study in the field of power engineering. The extraction of the harmonic components defines the output of the balancing instruments. Here we use DSTATCOM and UPFC as balancing instruments. A DSTATCOM model is developed using a computerized signal processor and its implementation is focused on various working conditions. The execution of DSTATCOM is found to be suitable for various kinds of burdens with the proposed control algorithm. The BP based control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components of the load present. Back propagation algorithm trained by the sample will detect the power quality signal issue in real time. Continuity, differentiability, non decreasing momotomy are the key features of this algorithm. The process of UPFC is close to that of DSTATCOM, although the only difference is that it does not have the device shut down in worse circumstances. The simulation model is developed with ANFIS and its output is studied under different operating conditions. The output of ANFIS is found to be satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm for different types of loads. The suggested method shall be checked by the results of MATLAB Simulink. 

by Rohit Mishra | Ashish Bhargava "To Study, Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Improvement Using DSTATCOM with ANN (Back Propagation Algorithm)" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47521.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47521/to-study-analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-with-ann-back-propagation-algorithm/rohit-mishra

openaccessjournalofengineering, engineeringjournal, paperpublicationforengineering

Sustainable Cities

By nature, humans are social creatures and thrive in urban spaces that foster social connections. Cities are essential to sustainable development since they are the center of economic development. They interact extensively with surrounding and with the rest of the world. The sustainable city concept focuses on improving the conditions of the urban areas in order to create healthy, pleasant, livable, inclusive, safe, and resilient cities where residents want to live and work. This chapter provides an introduction on sustainable cities. 

by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Sustainable Cities" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46454.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46454/sustainable-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku

callforpaperinternationaljournal, ugclistofjournals, bestinternationaljournal 

Digital Health

Digital technologies are rapidly being integrated into almost every area of the healthcare industry. It is a broad umbrella term that refers to the use of digital technologies to enable universal healthcare access, improve healthcare quality, and enhance wellness. It may be regarded as the systematic application of digital technologies to support informed decision making by individuals, the health workforce, and health institutions, in order to improve health outcomes and wellness for all. It is becoming a pervasive component of healthcare practice, with applications in almost all areas of the healthcare sector. It has attracted lots of attention in the past decade in several nations worldwide. This paper provides an introduction to digital health. 

by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Digital Health" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46453.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46453/digital-health/matthew-n-o-sadiku

peerreviewedinternationaljournal, callforpaperinugcapprovedjournals, paperpublicationforstudent

Vehicular Networking

Today, a growing number of vehicles are equipped with communication devices to facilitate vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication and increase the safety of passengers. A new type of network called Vehicular Network VANET provides us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers' and passengers' safety and comfort. Vehicular networks are special types of mobile ad hoc networks that are used to help drivers access necessary information. This paper provides an introduction to vehicular networks. 

by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Vehicular Networking" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46451.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46451/vehicular-networking/matthew-n-o-sadiku

internationaljournalofscience, openaccessjournalofscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforscience 

Digital Economy A Primer

The digital economy is the type of economy which operates predominantly with the help of digital technology. It is the economic activity that results from the online transactions among people, businesses, devices, and processes. The economic activity is enabled by information and communications technologies. The transition from traditional to digital economy will boost national competitiveness and bring about new opportunities for businesses and jobs. This paper provides a primer on digital economy. 

by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Digital Economy: A Primer" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46449.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46449/digital-economy-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku

ugcapprovedmanagementjournal, openaccessjournalofmanagement, paperpublicationinmanagement

Another Path for Measuring Industrial Parameters

Is there accurate and cost effective solution for measuring industrial parameters like, flow, level, pressure, temperature, weight, volume, density in present era Industrial parameters can easily measured by using resistivity and conductivity of materials only. Cost effective way to measure parameters of gas, liquid and Solid materials by measuring change in mili or micro amperes only. Let us understand by below mentioned examples and measuring techniques. 

by Mr. Darnesh "Another Path for Measuring Industrial Parameters" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46462.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46462/another-path-for-measuring-industrial-parameters/mr-darnesh

internationaljournalofmanagement, callforpapermanagement, managementjournal 

Electrical Panels and Cables Noise Solutions

Is there accurate and cost effective solution for reducing noises from electrical cables and electrical panels in present era Industrial panel noise can easily reduced by using some calculations and methods only. Cost effective way to reduce noise is shown below techniques. Let us understand by below mentioned examples and techniques. 

by Mr. Darnesh "Electrical Panels and Cables Noise Solutions" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46461.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46461/electrical-panels-and-cables-noise-solutions/mr-darnesh

openaccessjournalofengineering, engineeringjournal, paperpublicationforengineering

Machine Learning in Material Characterization

Machine learning has shown great potential applications in material science. It is widely used in material design, corrosion detection, material screening, new material discovery, and other fields of materials science. The majority of ML approaches in materials science is based on artificial neural networks ANNs . The use of ML and related techniques for materials design, development, and characterization has matured to a main stream field. This paper focuses on the applications of machine learning strategies for material characterization. 

by Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Guddi K. Suman | Sarhan M. Musa "Machine Learning in Material Characterization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46392.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46392/machine-learning-in-material-characterization/matthew-n-o-sadiku

callforpaperinternationaljournal, ugclistofjournals, bestinternationaljournal  

DCM Based Bridgeless PFC Converter for EV Charging Application

An Embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a Real Time Operating System RTOS with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with Real Time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. The project aims to design an air, water, and noise pollution monitoring and controlling using internet of things. The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed to it. In order to monitor quality of air, water quality and sound level of the environment over IoT based new framework is proposed which is based on data acquisition, transmission and controlling. The proposed bridgeless converter precedes a flyback converter to manage the charging of 48V 100Ah battery throughout the constant current CC constant voltage CV profile as well as built in PFC capability at the mains side is inherited. An 850W prototype is designed and developed tosupport the enhanced performance of the battery charger by reconstructing the line current waveform and significantly reducing the input harmonics distortion to the recommended IEC 61000 3 2 standard. 

by P. Selvan | P. Selvan | V. Navanitha Krishnan | B. Pavunraj | K. Sureshkumar "DCM-Based Bridgeless PFC Converter for EV Charging Application" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39922.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39922/dcmbased-bridgeless-pfc-converter-for-ev-charging-application/p-selvan

callforpaperpapersconference, highimpactfactor, manuscriptpublication

Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices

Traditional power production has become challenging for utilities due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil. This must be done in a less expensive and more efficient manner. To meet the consumers power needs, a new source is needed. The alternative source should be sustainable and capable of fulfilling the needs of the customer. The incorporation of renewable energy into the grid is a helpful method of meeting demand. The integration of renewable energy has three main challenges frequency fluctuation, power quality issues, and power system instability. The following issues were critical in nature. An expert system based on an analytic hierarchy method is used to detect and classify power quality issues. Previously, it could detect sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interruptions, and flickers. A method for categorizing events that is error free has been proposed. The streamlined process provides for more accurate identification and classification of power quality issues. an examination of power quality issues and their mitigation via the use of unified power quality conditioners UPQC To reduce different power quality problems, an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is employed. Using renewable energy sources effectively reduces environmental impact. The proposed technique corrects voltage imbalances and reduces overall harmonic distortion at the point of common connection PCC . The installation of an ANFIS controlled DVR is utilized to minimize voltage fluctuations induced by the integration of renewable energy sources and transmission line failures. With the aim of using renewable energy, a fake fault was introduced to power quality events. The ANFIS controlled DVR plan is in place to mitigate the negative impacts of power quality events. ANFIS controlled DVR is compared to a conventional surveillance method. Nonlinear loads generate voltage flickers and total harmonic distortion, therefore a distributed static compensator D STATCOM is employed to avoid these. It is recommended that D STATCOM use three control methods instantaneous power theory, synchronous vector PI control, and harmonic elimination. The D efficacy of STATCOMs is tested under severe load conditions. Various control methods will be used to evaluate and debate the proposed expert system and customized power devices. 

by Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46380.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46380/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/rahul-gokhle

callforpapereconomics, economicsjournal

A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System

Distributed power generation is the latest field because of the ability to accommodate various types of Renewable alternative energy sources, its hidden potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exist such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in various places with various degree of complexity. A comprehensive review on the distributed power generation is presented in this paper. 

by Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46379.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46379/a-review-on-power-flexibility-generation-and-distribution-system/rahul-gokhle

callforpaperpharmacy, pharmacyjournal, internationalpeerreviewedjournal

Revised Right Hand Grip Rule for an AC DC Current

Right hand grip rule is perfect for Direct current DC but what about alternative current AC Alternating current AC is an electric current that periodically reverses its direction, so does magnetic field direction changes periodically, in contrast to direct current DC which only flows in a single direction which cannot change sporadically, so does magnetic field direction does not affect. So, rule need to be corrected and separated for both AC and DC current. What do you think 

by Mr. Darnesh "Revised Right Hand Grip Rule for an AC/DC Current" 

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47645.pdf 

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47645/revised-right-hand-grip-rule-for-an-acdc-current/mr-darnesh

internationaljournalsofcomputerscience, callforpapercomputerscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforcomputerscience 

Analysis and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Conventional P and O Algorithm for Hybrid System in Different Atmospheric Conditions

As we know, energy generated from the solar and wind systems is not necessarily continuous and consistent. In India, the weather also varies such that in gloomy conditions there will be limited power from the PV battery, while in summer it will be at its highest. So, the weather decreases the systems effectiveness. As a result, an energy efficient approach is required to find an optimum point of action to obtain the full amount of energy under various atmospheric conditions. This paper suggested an updated turbulence and maximal power point monitoring controller for wind and solar hybrid energy systems. The controller uses the modified fixed disruption and observation system to achieve the MPP by changing the service cycle of each input module. Results are presented on a 200W wind system as well as a 400W solar wind energy system with differing irradiation strength and wind speed to illustrate the merits of the experiment. 

by Majhar Ali Ansari | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Conventional P & O Algorithm for Hybrid System in Different Atmospheric Conditions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46298.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46298/analysis-and-implementation-of-maximum-power-point-tracking-using-conventional-p-and-o-algorithm-for-hybrid-system-in-different-atmospheric-conditions/majhar-ali-ansari

callforpaperinternationaljournal, ugclistofjournals, bestinternationaljournal 

Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC DC Microgrid

With the growth in global warming, renewable energy based distributed generators DGs play a prominent role in power generation. Wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the usage of fuel cells and microturbines will provide substantial impetus in the near future. Environmental friendliness, expandability, and flexibility have made distributed generation, powered by a variety of renewable and unconventional energy sources, an appealing alternative for building contemporary electrical systems. A microgrid is made up of a group of loads and dispersed generators that work together to form a single controlled system. Microgrids, as an integrated energy delivery system, may function in tandem with or independently of the main power grid. The microgrid idea reduces the number of reverse conversions in a single AC or DC grid while also making it easier to link variable renewable AC and DC sources and loads to power systems. The connectivity of DGs to the utility grid through power electronic converters has raised concerns regarding equipment safety and protection. The microgrid may be configured to fulfil the customers specific needs, such as greater local dependability, reduced feeder losses, local voltage support, greater efficiency via waste heat usage, voltage sag correction, or uninterruptible power supply. The performance of a hybrid AC DC microgrid system in grid tethered mode is examined in this paper. For the creation of a microgrid, a solar system, a wind turbine generator, and a battery are utilized. Control methods are also included to allow the converters to appropriately coordinate the AC sub grid with the DC sub grid. The MATLAB SIMULINK environment was used to achieve the findings. 

by Tarun Jaiswal | Ashish Bhargava "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46296.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46296/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid/tarun-jaiswal

peerreviewedinternationaljournal, callforpaperinugcapprovedjournals, paperpublicationforstudent

Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgrid

This paper explores the need for renewable based DC microgrid and proposes characteristic features of a standalone DC microgrid. The need for energy management system and its role in DC microgrid has been emphasized. Renewable generating sources such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic panel require stringent control for harnessing maximum available energy, energy storage system demands efficient management, and DC link voltage must be maintained constant. Microgrid is a small modular and distributed power generation and distribution system that combines power quality management and enduser energy utilization technology based on distributed power generation technology based on distributed resources or users small scale power plants. The solar based DC Microgrid has been proposed from the following controller and two compensation systems, . It forms a system of three rings, and feeds each load. Load balancing and voltage regulation are the main aspects for designing the model. The voltage is kept constant at 48V in the voltage control loop. Advantages of DC microgrids include easy control, high system efficiency and low energy conversion. The centralized monitoring controller has been designed to control current sharing and voltage regulation together in a PV based DC microgrid. Ovais 

by Ahmad Parray | Mohd Ilyas "Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45200.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/45200/energy-management-scheme-in-photovoltaic-based-dc-microgrid/ovais-ahmad-parray

callforpaperpapersinjournals, specialissuepublication, multidisciplinaryjournal

Electrical DC Waveform Frequency

One wave per second is also called a Hertz Hz and in SI units is a reciprocal second s 1 . The variable c is the speed of light. For the relationship to hold mathematically, if the speed of light is used in m s, the wavelength must be in meters and the frequency in Hertz. So what would be frequency of DC waveform weather it’s 0 HZ or more than 0 HZ up to 1 HZ 

by Natvarbhai P Gajjar "Electrical DC Waveform Frequency" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, 

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45018.pdf 

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/45018/electrical-dc-waveform-frequency/natvarbhai-p-gajjar

callforpaperphysics, physicsjournal